Four major glacial events have been identified through the Pleistocene, as well as many minor intervening events. Surficial deposits. ): Naturhistorisk vegbok for Hordaland. Similar channelized ice flows occur at present in Antarctica and Greenland with measured annual ice velocities of about 500m. Here the fjord reaches its maximum depth of around 860 meters. The largest we find in Eidfjord and is more than 1 km long. As the contribution from these processes probably is within the error limits of our volume calculations, the contribution from these erosive agents is ignored in our estimates. Hovedfagsoppgave i geologi. Especially important is it to preserve the Eidfjord terrace for the future. Assuming that consistent summit levels and the wide, high-lying valley represent the paleic, pre-Quaternary land surface, the present relief represents the total Quaternary erosion and denudation. On the northwest side of this zone the ground sank down several kilometers. Explore Norway’s most famous fjords on one sailing—Hardangerfjord, Sognefjord, Nordfjord, Geirangerfjord, and Lysefjord. This article is written by Geologist Christer Hoel, M.Sc. When the front of the glaciers had melted down and retreated so they were lying in today’s Eidfjord, Ulvik, Osa, Granvin, Kvanndal, Øystese, Mundheim, Rosendal and more places, the melt water carried sand, gravel, stones and boulders and built up large terraces along the fjord. In addition there are some sounds in the outer areas, as e.g. An annual erosion rate of about 2 ± 0.5 mm/yr seems therefore most reasonable. Rock fall, rock avalanches and debris flow occur from time to time, often due to heavy precipitation, and during the winter snow avalanches are quite common some places. Norway have some of the longest, deepest, narrowest and most beautiful fjords in the world. Photo: Natural Light Earth And make plenty of stops to enjoy the food. Experience the fjords in spring when snow dusts the mountains and flowers begin to bloom. The valley of Sognefjord is one of various valleys of western Norway that certainly predates the Quaternary glaciations. This debate has mainly focused on the classic fjords and fjord lakes in Norway and Canada. 1). Hoel, C.: Seismisk stratigrafi av sedimentene i Hardangerfjorden og sidefjorder. Trollstigen in Fjord Norway . 2. By A. Nesje, S.O. The ultimate winter expedition cruise of fjords and the Northern Lights. Within the city and around the Oslo fjord we find well exposed Permian igneous rocks and a down-faulted Lower Palaeozoic sequence Read more…, WHAT IS A FJORD – HOW THE SOGNEFJORD WAS FORMED, THE HARDANGERFJORD AREA – GEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE, MASS MOVEMENTS ALONG ROADS IN WESTERN NORWAY, GEIRANGER – TROLLSTIGEN – THE ATLANTIC ROAD, KAYAKING THE AURLANDSFJORD AND NÆRØYFJORD, FJORDS BATH & SPA – BATH & SPA HOTELS IN THE FJORDS, FJORDS LIVING – SPECIAL PLACES TO STAY IN THE FJORDS, The Hardangerfjord Area – What to See and Do, http://www.filmlocationhardanger.no/en/locations/fruit/apple-orchard-ulvik, http://kulturarv.no/kulturminne/ryvarden-kulturfyr, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fyksesund.jpg, https://da.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardangerfjorden, https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opedal_i_Ullensvang, https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil:Folgefonna_south.JPG, https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinsdalsfossen, https://seenorway.wordpress.com/2016/07/29/beautiful-eidfjord/, https://sport1.no/butikker/rosendal-sport/, https://www.dehistoriske.no/destinasjoner/hardangerfjorden/hoteller/utne-hotel/, https://www.grind.no/en/hardanger/granvin/lussand-geology, https://www.tu.no/artikler/statnett-om-hardangerfjorden-br-autostrada-pa-bunnen/240685, Official page for the Hardangerfjord area. From the fjord region of Western Norway alone, a total of 35 000 cubic kilometres of solid rock was removed and dumped on the continental shelf. What started as a simple fun trip with some friends to Lofoten Islands in northern Norway, just became a unique geological experience. It is one of the most important geological structures in Western Norway. – Linkedin. It is, however, difficult to reconstruct the paleic surface along the fjord area as it is today. On the Folgefonn Peninsula the Precambrian basement was carried all t… MINN Mineral Resources in North Norway (MINN) is a programme for geophysical mapping in northern Norway and part of a recently initiated Norwegian governmental strategy for developing the mineral industry in Norway. The geological map picture of Hordaland reflects this movement. The Hardangerfjord is, in contrast to the Sognefjord, divided into four main basins, separated by thresholds. Hoel, C.: Kraftkabel i Hardangerfjorden – et geologisk perspektiv. Check out our list of must-do water activities in Fjord Norway. Langenuen between the islands of Stord and Tysnes, and Høylandsundet between the Halsnøy island and the Folgefonn peninsula. Averaged over the last 600,000 years and assuming only glacial erosion, the rate of erosion was 330 cm/ 1000 year (3.3 mm/yr). The inner part, however, has five branches (Fjærlandsfjord, Årdalsfjord, Nærøyfjord & Aurlandsfjord and Lustrafjord) (Fig. The verb “fare” (english “travel”) and the substantive “ferje” (english “ferry”) has the same origin. The fresh catch from the sea. The soil conditions, together with the fjords ability to create a favourable climate, make Hardanger as Norway’s “fruit garden” possible. ): Kulturhistorisk vegbok for Hordaland. The sediment thickness below bottom is up to 250 meters in this part of the fjord. 1. (6) The mean maximum erosion rate may be estimated from the maximum relief along the Sogneflord (2850 m). Many of the processes which have contributed to the shaping of today’s Hardangerfjord landscape are still active. The highest rate of glacial erosion may be estimated from the maximum relief along the Sognefjord (2850 m). (Source: Wikipedia.no). The consistent and gradually rising summit level eastwards along the Sognefjord (Fig. The major part of the Sognefjord relief as we know it today started with glacial erosive process at the beginning of the Quaternary period/Pleistocene epoch, 2, 5 million years before present. This basin is up to 400 meters deep and the sediment thickness is up to maybe 225 meters. The 42-kilometre (26 mi) long fjord lies in the municipalities of Strand and Sandnes, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of the city of Stavanger. On the northwest side of this zone the ground sank down several kilometers. Visit Norway: Official page for Norway On the northwest side of the Hardangerfjord, however, the basement has most places been buried deep under the Cambro-Silurian phyllite and on top of this by the thrust sheet during the Caledonian mountain building event. Averaged over 600,000 years and assuming only glacial erosion, the mean erosion rate was 475 cm/1000 year From this, the maximum average erosion rate over the last 2.57 Ma was 110 cm/ 1000 yr (1.1 mm /yr). Minor glacier expansions, however, are recorded at 5.5 to 5 Ma, 4.5 Ma, between 4 and 3.5 Ma, and at 2.8 Ma. 21. The Pleistocene climate was characterized by repeated glacial cycles, ending 10000 years before now, by the introduction of the mild Holocene sub-epoch. As overdeepening has taken place in the Sognefjord, and the ice is suggested to have been more than 2000m thick along inner parts of the fjord, ice velocities must have been very high along the Sognefjord drainage channel. This is of similar magnitude as erosion rates calculated for modern Norwegian glaciers, which range from 1.6-O.OS mm/yr. Through erosion the ice created overdeepening in the Hardangerfjord. In the Barents Sea and on the Norwegian continental shelf these fans represent a sudden increase in the rate of sedimentation after tectonically stable conditions during Oligocene/Miocene, and this is assumed to be associated with a significant uplift of western Scandinavia after 2.5 million years. Fjords are some of the most dramatic landscape features on earth, and the origin and processes related to this feature have been discussed for almost a hundred years. In the same way as valleys some places have hanging valleys more or less perpendicular to and above the main valley, the main fjord got tributary fjords, “hanging” in relationship to the main fjord. (3) Supposing that the erosion of the Sognefjord basin started at the beginning of the first significant Quaternary glaciations in Scandinavia at 2.57 Ma, the average erosion rate was 24 cm/1000 yr. (4) Supposing that an ice ratfed detritus (IRD) curve from the Vøring Plateau reflects paleoglaciations in western Scandinavia , 600,000 years (23%) during the last 2.57 Ma were dominated by ice sheets reaching coastal regions. At this spot the Hardangerfjord Shear Zone comes up from the fjord. In addition, the drainage basin of the Sognefjord consists of several geomorphological styles; the little-affected paleic surface, deep fjords, U-shaped valleys, and steep-walled gorges, which complicate higher-resolution quantification of Quaternary erosion rates. 1992. The ice got much thinner towards the cost and today’s North Sea area. Several of the Ice Age terraces are today used as gravel pits, as sources for production of mineral material of different grain sizes. In this paper, we have calculated quantitatively the amount of Quarternary bedrock erosion in the Sognefjord drainage basin in western Norway. Quaternary erosion in the Sognefjord drainage basin, Western Norway. Go Fjords: Big and Small Fjord Experiences However, these fast moving ice streams are connected with rapid subglacial deformation of water-saturated unconsolidated till. in the fjord in these areas, the ice seems to have been more than 1000 meters thick in this and other areas along the main fjord, but how thick is a matter in dispute. It is the result of glacial erosion during the Ice Ages. Aptly named for its magnificent views and vast green landscapes, this fjord is a must-see for nature lovers. Department of Geography and Geology, University of Bergen. Read more…, WHAT IS A FJORD – HOW THE SOGNEFJORD WAS FORMED, THE HARDANGERFJORD AREA – GEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE, MASS MOVEMENTS ALONG ROADS IN WESTERN NORWAY, GEIRANGER – TROLLSTIGEN – THE ATLANTIC ROAD, KAYAKING THE AURLANDSFJORD AND NÆRØYFJORD, FJORDS BATH & SPA – BATH & SPA HOTELS IN THE FJORDS, FJORDS LIVING – SPECIAL PLACES TO STAY IN THE FJORDS. (red. They are results of other landscape shaping processes and are themselves slowly shaping the landscape. Guide to the 10 most beautiful fjords in Norway The contrast between the naked rock and the forested slopes at Lussand shows clearly where the Cambro-Silurian layers end and the Precambrian basement takes over. The highest mountains on Earth are localized in areas where tectonic plates are pressing against each other or have done so in the recent (geological) past, like in the Himalayas, the Alps or the Andes. The total Quaternary erosion and denudation is quantified by subtracting the present landscape from the reconstructed paleic surface. Sognefjorden, a fjord in Norway, is more than 160 kilometers (nearly 100 miles) long. Universitetet i Bergen. Brekke, N. G. et al. 373 V. THE GEOLOGY OF THE BERGEN ARCS.I By CARL FRED. The volumes of large submarine fans on the mid-Norwegian continental shelf deposited during the last 2.5 million years correspond to a total erosion of 5001000 m in a zone along the Norwegian coast. Hike the famous Trolltunga Hike or the Queens Panorama Trail between Kinsarvik and Lofthus. Department of Geography and Geology, University of Bergen. On the Folgefonn Peninsula the Precambrian basement was carried all the way to the top, and is even found on tops that are over 1500 meters high. The Folgefonna Glacier on the peninsula which bears the name of the glacier, is not a remnant from the last ice age. In geology, a fjord or fiord (alternatively fyord) (/ ˈ f j ɔːr d, f i ˈ ɔːr d / ()) is a long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by a glacier. The Hardangerfjord has seven tributary fjords. There are 400 million years since such processes have affected mainland Norway (red. Fjord Cruise on the Hardangerfjord and explore Vøringsfossen. Join a Fjord Cruise on the Hardangerfjord which is located in the county of Vestland, near Bergen, in the middle of Western Norway. Magma Geopark extends over five municipalities: Eigersund, Sokndal, Lund, Bjerkreim and Flekkefjord. Averaged over 600,000 years and assuming only minor fluvial erosion, the mean glacial erosion rate was 475 cm/1000 yr (4.75 mm/yr). The most famous of the waterfalls is Vøringfossen in Eidfjord, but also Låtefossen in Odda has gained a reputation. The mountains along the Sognefjord rise gradually eastward from about 500m in the coastal region to altitudes above 2000 metres in Jotunheimen (Fig. Geology. The degree to which overdeepening can take place depends on the relationship between the thickness of the ice and its velocity. In many places the paleic surface is preserved more or less unaltered and the paleic surface and the present landscape commonly occur together (Fig. See more info here: Fjord (Wikipedia). The Geopark is in a network of 140 UNESCO Global Geoparks in 40 different countries on five continents. The outer Sognefjord has few tributary or distributary fjords. These fracture systems have been important for guiding erosion. By A. Nesje, S.O. The period between 2.57 to 1.2 Ma was dominated by about constant glacial activity with small amplitudes between glacials and interglacials. See below an illustration of the geologic time table covering Tertiary and Quaternary ages: As for the Sognefjord, the result was dramatic. Some of the Ice Age terraces and river deposits are sources of ground water and able to serve as sources for municipal water supply. Bind I & II. Most authors agree that there has been a clear glacial-erosive influence on the fjords, but the importance of glacial activity relative to such other processes as tectonism and fluvial erosion has not been clear. Dahl, V. Valen and J. Øvstedal The outermost basin reaches from the outlet of the fjord into the North Sea and to the south of the island of Stord, where the road tunnel Bømlafjordtunnelen of the transport system arrangement Trekantsambandet goes through a rock threshold. An estimate of 7610 km of ro… Visit Norway: Official page for Norway Dahl, V. Valen and J. Øvstedal The highest reaching mountain top in the Hardangerfjord area is Onen in Eidfjord, reaching 1621 m. On the Folgefonn Peninsula there are also the two tops Solnut, 1552 meters high, and Melderskin, with a maximum height of 1426 meters. At times the fjord is … The verb “fare” (english “travel”) and the substantive “ferje” (english “ferry”) has the same origin. (4.75 mm/yr). The Scandinavian Peninsula, where the fjords are, is part of a large segment of the earth’s crust known as the Baltic Shield, which is composed of ‘old’, crystalline metamorphic rocks. Towards the end of the last Ice Age, the ice melted down and the front of the ice retreated. The Sognefjord is presumed to follow a preglacial (original/ paleic) river system. The Hardangerfjord area, the orchard of Norway, is known for Summer Skiing at Folgefonna Glacier and a spectacular fruit tree blossoming in spring. See reviews and photos of boat tours & water sports in Fjord Norway on Tripadvisor. This uplift, that occurred long before the Quaternary glaciations, enabled rivers to incise deeply the Paleic relief. Further Devonian deposits are found on Svalbard. Using the average relief along the fjord basin (2000 m), the mean erosion rate over the last 2.57 Ma was 80 cm/1000 yr (0.8 mm/yr). Nothing can compare to this incredible beauty, By Geologist Christer Hoel, M.Sc. During the Caledonian mountain building and later, along what is now the Hardangerfjord, the earth’s crust probably collapsed from top to bottom along the Hardangerfjord Shear Zone, a plane that slopes toward the northwest. Whether it's an entertaining and informative boat tour or a relaxing sunset dinner cruise, these are the best Fjord Norway cruises around. Based on this value and assuming only glacial erosion, the average rate of ice erosion in the Sognefjord drainage basin was 102 cm/ 1000 yr (1.02 mm/yr). Being spring, the fjords will be quieter, the flowers in bloom, and the mountain tops frosted with snow. The melt down process had a number of breaks due to climatic changes in the outer parts of the fjord and in some of the tributary fjords. Based on this value and assuming only glacial erosion, the average rate of ice erosion in the Sognefjord drainage basin was 102 cm/1000 year (1.02 mm/yr). In other words they are both tool and result when it comes to landscape shaping processes. However, they should not be completely consumed, as they are memorials of the last Ice Age. (8 ) If the average Quaternary erosion of 610m in the Sognefjord drainage basin is representative, about 35,000 km3 of rock was eroded from the fjord region of western Norway during the Quaternary. Between the two islands Halsnøy and Huglo, the sediments in the Hardangerfjord reaches its maximum thickness; around 270 meters. It started to come back after the last ice age around 5000 years ago, and parts of it appeared even as late as 2300 and 1400 years ago. Folgefonna is the third largest glacier in Norway. The first significant expansion of the Scandinavian ice sheet occurred at 2.57 Ma. 1993. Hardanger Folkeblad nr. During melt down and retreat of the ice front, large amounts of mostly clay and silt but also some sand and coarser material were deposited on the bottom of the fjord. During these surveys seismic data, echo sounder data and sediment cores have been obtained. The shape of the Hardangerfjord and its tributary fjords we see today have roots more than 400 million years back in time, when the weak zones in the bedrock were created, which later in large areas would be eroded by the ice during the ice ages to be formed to valleys and fjords. Trollfjord. You will see picturesque villages along the fjord and a beautiful … In one case one tributary fjord, Ulvikfjorden, is hanging relative to Osafjorden, another tributary fjord, which in turn is hanging relative to the main fjord. Helland-Hansen, W. et al. This uplift, that occurred long before the Quaternary glaciations, enabled rivers to incise deeply the Paleic relief. The geological map picture of Hordaland reflects this movement. If we take into account the layers of sediments (clay, silt, sand etc.) The maximum depth (1308m) of the Sognefjord is at Vadheim, further out. 2006. Brekke, N. G. et al. 600,000 years (23%) during the last 2.57 Ma were dominated by ice sheets reaching coastal regions. Introduction. The longitudinal profile of the Sognefjord (Fig. (Source: Wikipedia.no). These processes are challenging for the local communities and for the road traffic in general. Limited to the east by the main watershed, the fjord region of western Norway is about 58,000 km2. Set sail on your destination's top-rated boat tours and cruises. Fjords are often set in a U-shaped valley with steep walls of rock on either side. The geology of the area provides insight into this basic tectonic structure. Between the fjord and the mountain plateau, the river Kinso creates four great waterfalls. These comprise Maurangerfjorden, Fyksesundsfjorden, Granvinfjorden, Ulvikfjorden, Osafjorden, Simadalsfjorden and Sørfjorden. Since both fluvial downcutting and subaerial denudation during the Holocene are insignificant, this may also have been the case for preceeding interglacials. The average erosion rate over the last 2.57 Ma was then 110 cm/1000 year 2) may therefore be regarded as remnants of the paleic surface. The next basin lays between Stord and the island of Halsnøy. UNESCO has included the fjords of Fjord Norway, exemplified by the Geirangerfjord and the Nærøyfjord, on its prestigious World Heritage List. Norway is normally perceived as a mountainous country, but are mountains really to be expected here? After 1.2 Ma the amount of ice ratfed detritus (IRD) increased, indicating larger glacial activity in Scandinavia . 2004. Furthermore, weathering processes have contributed, in addition to downflow movements of sediments and other processes. The Geological Survey of Norway has led the project which has involved eight countries in the Artic. FJORDS® is a yard of four cabins by the Isa River in the center of Isfjorden in Romsdal, Norway. 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