Mercantilismfunctioned on the premise that colonies would provide raw materials for the “mother country,” which would in turn export finished goods back to the colonies. Henry Ford even credited the animal “disassembly” lines at Union Stockyards with inspiring the idea for his automobile manufacturing plants.3 Photo credit: John Vachon, 1941. Hendrickson M, Heffernan W. Concentration of Agricultural Markets. 18. Farmers were also motivated by economies of scale—the economic advantage of producing larger numbers of products. Consolidation and Concentration in the U.S. Doing this by hand involves an enormous amount of time and effort. Percentage of sales earned by the four largest companies in their respective industries.20,25 Earnings from food and agricultural industries have become increasingly concentrated among a small number of powerful companies. Deforestation and concrete jungles are taking up maximum area leaving little to no room for farming. No example in the rest of the world either. To learn more, view our, The Development of Competitive Commercial Agriculture in Northeast Thailand, 1950-2006: a Review, “Where the Rain Falls” project. The topic of agriculture and its role in industrial and urban development has long been studied by economic theoreticians. 2005;18(3):269-291. In the U.S. beef slaughtering and processing industry, the four largest companies earn 82 percent of the sales. Sustaining the profitability of agriculture. Ikerd JE. The industrialization of agriculture is said to have achieved two goals: to “free” Americans from farming so they could join the labor force in offices and factories, and to make food and farming cheaper so Americans could afford to buy the products offered by new industries.4 Photo public domain. The combine harvester performs two processes at once: cutting grain (reaping) and removing it from the inedible part (threshing). San Antonio, TX: University of Missouri; 1996. Most of this was accounted for by herbicide use. There are endowments and foundations, however, that earmark large sums of capital toward improving farming conditions in developing nations. 2000;40:27-47. Between 1900 and 2000, the share of the U.S. workforce involved in agriculture declined from 41 percent to 2 percent.7, In some cases, mechanization brought tremendous gains in efficiency. > Extensive agriculture occurs when: 1) The amounts of capital and labour are small in relation to the amounts of land being farmed. Washington D.C.; 2010. Concentration of Agricultural Markets. Specialization was also applied to animal genetics, as selective breeding produced animals designed for a single outcome—large breast meat, for example, or increased milk production. Dordrecht: Springer Science-Business Media Press; 2013:99-126. The rise in productivity accelerated the decline of the agricultural share of the labor force, adding to the urban workforce on which industrialization depended. In the supermarket industry, 4 companies earn at least 42% of the sales. Antibiotics, for example, were introduced to swine, poultry, and cattle feed after a series of experiments in the 1940s and 1950s found that feeding the drugs to animals caused them to gain weight faster and on less feed.13 By 2009, 80 percent of the antibiotic drugs sold in the U.S. were used not for human medicine but for livestock production.14. Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants and livestock. Although conditions like these still exist, the industrialization of agriculture radically transformed how the vast majority of food is produced in the U.S. and many other parts of the world. The meatpacking plant of Chicago’s Union Stockyards was a sprawling facility that handled the slaughter, processing, packaging, and distribution of cattle and swine. Industrialization was born and the US transitioned from a big agricultural economy to an industrial society. Integration of soil, crop and weed management in low-external-input farming systems. 9. 17. Not Enough Agricultural Land. Jan 1, 1701. Over the course of industrialization, markets for food and agricultural products have become increasingly concentrated. 7. Indeed it seems that net output per acre in southern England by 1850 was about 3.2 times output per acre in 1300. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Many other industries in the food system, including animal slaughtering and processing, also underwent major consolidation. Meat, milk, and egg production became largely separated from crop production and involved facilities that housed a single breed of animal, during a particular period of its lifespan, for a single purpose (e.g., breeding, feeding, or slaughter). In: James HS, ed. In the early 1900s, more than half of Americans were farmers or lived in rural communities. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. 13. Reprint No. 10. Martinez SW. Vertical Coordination in the Pork and Broiler Industries: Implications for Pork and Chicken Products. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press; 2008. Before the Industrial Revolution, agriculture workers labored six days a week, from sun up to sun down, just to keep their crops growing. For example, many of the mines and steelworks of the United Kingdom closed during the 1970s and 1980s for a lot of the same reasons. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Consolidation in agriculture is the shift toward fewer and larger farms. What drove the push to consolidate? Agriculture’s Ethical Horizon. MacDonald J, Korb P, Hoppe R. Farm Size and the Organization of U.S. From 1950 to 2000, production on U.S. farms more than doubled with less than a third of the labor costs.9 Photo credit: Dan Davidson, 2010. Center for a Livable FutureJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health111 Market Place, Suite 840Baltimore, MD 21202, Mid-Atlantic Regional Public Health Training Center, W. Harry Feinstone Dept of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Population, Family and Reproductive Health, SOURCE (Student Outreach Resource Center), Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Introduction to the US Food System: Public Health, Environment, and Equity, Putting Meat on the Table: Industrial Farm Animal Production in America, The Ethics of Constrained Choice: How the Industrialization of Agriculture Impacts Farming and Farmer Behavior, How Sustainable Agriculture Can Address the Environmental and Human Health Harms of Industrial Agriculture, Foodopoly: The Battle Over the Future of Food and Farming in America, Crisis and Opportunity: Sustainability in American Agriculture, Chicken: The Dangerous Transformation of America's Favorite Food. Animals were typically raised with access to the outdoors. – Mary Hendrickson and Harvey S. James Jr.18, Market share is the proportion of an industry’s sales earned by one company. Specialization aims to increase efficiency by narrowing the range of tasks and roles involved in production. Livest Prod Sci. Specialization aims to increase efficiency by narrowing the range of tasks and roles involved in production. Likewise, the four largest U.S. beef slaughtering and processing companies industry earn … Some materials may not reflect the views of the Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future. A diversified farmer, for example, might need to manage and care for many different vegetable crops, a composting operation, a flock of egg-laying hens, a sow, and her litter of piglets. Hendrickson MK, James HS. As with other trends in industrialization, the use of chemical and pharmaceutical inputs in agriculture offered gains in productivity, but not without health and ecological consequences. 19. Cooper T. This Company Seeks to Dominate Snacks. 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